OPTIMUM EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

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  • Home
  • Services
    • Exercise Physiology >
      • NDIS
      • Run Assessment
      • Home/Aged Care Package
      • Chronic Disease Rehabilitation
      • Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
      • Allied Health Solutions
      • Diabetes >
        • Diabetes Exercise Class
      • Athletic Development
      • DVA
      • Workplace Injury
      • Medicare Referrals
      • Telehealth
      • Personal Training
    • Group Classes >
      • EP Group
      • Diabetes Exercise Class
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      • Strong Teens
      • Timetable
    • Casual Gym
    • Diabetes Education >
      • Optimum Diabetes
    • Conditions We Treat >
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      • Cardiovascular Disease
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Blog

Is It Safe to Exercise With Arthritis? What You Need to Know When You’re in Pain

10/5/2026

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If you live with arthritis and the persistent pain, chances are you’ve asked yourself some version of this question: “Should I really be exercising this?”

It’s a fair concern. Pain can feel like a warning sign; something to avoid, protect, or work around. But the reality is more nuanced, and often more empowering. One of the biggest shifts in modern exercise physiology is understanding that pain isn’t always a reliable measure of harm or progress.

Pain can be influenced by:
  • Sensitivity of the nervous system
  • Load tolerance (what your body is currently conditioned for)
  • Fear or anticipation of movement
  • Knowledge, perception or understanding of a diagnosis given
  • Fatigue, stress, sleep, and previous experiences 

The Long and Short of Exercise With Arthritis
For most people exercise is not only safe but it’s one of the best things you can do. Where there are joint changes or degeneration is present, the symptoms of pain, stiffness, clicking and clunking don’t always directly correlate with what’s happening structurally.
You can have pain without causing damage 

You can make progress without pain 
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And sometimes, you might feel pain while still moving forward safely
 
Regular, well-structured exercise can improve joint health and function, reduce pain over time, and build the muscle strength needed to better support and protect your joints. It also plays a key role in increasing confidence, helping to reduce fear around movement, and improving overall quality of life while lowering the risk of chronic disease. The benefits are clear, but the real difference comes down to how you approach it.

When you visit an Exercise Physiologist this is the education you will receive, along with a program centred around some but not limited to these principles:

Gradual Adaptation (GAS Principle)
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) explains how the body responds to stress:
  1. Alarm – a new stimulus challenges the body (exercise in this case)
  2. Compensation – the body adapts and becomes stronger (the muscles, bones and other tissue change)
  3. Fatigue – too much stress without recovery leads to setbacks (can be a flare up, weakness, etc.)
When it comes to arthritis and pain, finding the right balance is key. Adding too little load often leads to no meaningful adaptation, while too much too soon can trigger flare-ups and setbacks. The most effective approach sits in the middle; gradually and consistently exposing the body to the right level of challenge, allowing it to adapt, build tolerance, and improve over time.

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Load Management, Periodisation & Pacing
Rather than doing the same thing every session or pushing hard all the time, we use periodisation; This is a planned, paced variation in training aiming to better improve exercise volume over time.

This looks like easier and harder days within your weeks and months of prescription where the intensity, weight, distance, etc. are adjusted. It allows for a building phase, while keeping in mind the above mentioned of fatigue, and then time to recover without overloading the joints, cardiac capacity and more.

This approach reduces flare-ups, improves long-term progress, and builds resilience instead of just chasing intensity.
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The Fear-Avoidance Model
The Fear-Avoidance Model helps explain why pain can sometimes persist; this is not just because of tissue changes, but because of how our bodies respond to it.

In simple terms, Fear-Avoidance is present in this cycle:
  • Pain occurs
  • Movement is perceived as threatening
  • Activity is reduced or avoided
  • Strength, tolerance, and confidence decrease
  • Pain becomes more sensitive and limiting over time

This is how acute pain can gradually turn into persistent pain, even when the original injury has healed or stabilised. But as an Exercise Physiologist we use the model and promote our actions and responses to pain to flow in a more positive pathway:
  • Pain occurs
  • Movement is approached with understanding and guidance
  • Gradual exposure builds confidence
  • Strength and tolerance improve
  • Pain becomes less limiting

Think of it as reducing your sensitivity and expanding your tolerance to what your body can handle.

What Does Exercise Actually Look Like?
When it comes to arthritis and persistent pain, one of the most important things to understand is that movement is not only safe for most people, but often essential. Regular, well-structured exercise can improve joint health and function, reduce pain over time, and build the muscle strength needed to better support and protect your joints. Beyond the physical benefits, it also plays a key role in increasing confidence, reducing fear around movement, and improving overall quality of life while lowering the risk of chronic disease. The benefits are clear, but the real difference comes down to how you approach it.

A common misconception is that pain should always dictate what you do or don’t do. In reality, pain is not always a reliable indicator of damage, and it doesn’t necessarily mean you are causing harm. Progress also doesn’t require pushing through high levels of pain. Instead, it’s about understanding your current capacity and building from there. This is where the science of exercise becomes important. Principles like gradual adaptation help explain why the body responds best to the right amount of stress applied over time. Too little load leads to no meaningful change, while too much too soon can result in flare-ups and setbacks. The most effective approach sits in the middle, using gradual and consistent exposure to build strength, tolerance, and confidence.

In the early stages, or during flare-ups, the focus is on simple, controlled movements that build confidence and tolerance. The goal here is to develop foundational strength, improve joint tolerance, and rebuild confidence in movement. It’s also a good opportunity to start recognising patterns, understanding when pain flares up, what triggers it, and what helps settle it. This can include:
  • Sit-to-stands, supported squats, step-ups
  • Light carries (suitcase or farmer’s)
  • Basic balance (tandem stance, single leg)

As tolerance improves, the next step is to gradually increase load, range of motion, and movement complexity. Over time, many people can safely work toward more traditional strength exercises like deadlifts, squats, overhead pressing, and more dynamic, multi-directional movements. These aren’t just gym-based goals; they directly support everyday function, from lifting and carrying to gardening, getting up from the floor, and reducing fall risk.

Importantly, exercise doesn’t have to start at a high level to be effective. With the right guidance, many people with arthritis or persistent pain can work toward higher-level strength training safely and effectively, improving not just how they feel, but how they function day to day. The key message is that avoiding movement entirely is rarely the answer. Instead, the goal is to find the right entry point, apply the right amount of challenge, and progress in a way that your body can adapt to. Pain may still be present at times, but that doesn’t mean progress isn’t happening.
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If you’re dealing with arthritis or ongoing pain and aren’t sure where to start, this is exactly where professional guidance can make a difference. An exercise physiologist can help you understand your pain, identify what’s appropriate for your current level, and build a structured plan that progresses safely over time. The sooner you start building capacity, the sooner you can start regaining confidence in your movement.
​Don’t wait for pain to disappear before taking action!
Extra Reading/Resources
1. Exercise Right Workout Planner - https://exerciseright.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ER-at-Home_A4-Workbook.pdf
2. The Arthritis Movement - https://www.arthritis.org.au/arthritis/arthritis-insights/moving-for-healthy-joints/exercising-and-arthritis/
3. American College of Rheumatology - ​https://rheumatology.org/exercise-and-arthritis
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Thomas Harrison
​Accredited Exercise Physiologist
​AEP, AES, ESSAM
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You Rested… But Didn’t Rebuild: Why Injuries Return When You Go Back to Training

1/5/2026

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You finally took time off following an injury and the pain settled down, movement started feeling easier again and you felt “good enough” to return to training. But not long after getting back into exercise, the injury returned. This cycle is incredibly common. One of the biggest misconceptions in injury recovery is believing that once pain settles, the body is fully healed and prepared to handle the same demands as before.

As Exercise Physiologists, we often explain it like this: your pain may have settled because the load reduced, not necessarily because the body became stronger. When training volume or intensity suddenly returns without rebuilding strength and tolerance first, the body is often underprepared for the stress being placed back on it. That is where re-injury commonly occurs.

Research consistently shows that structured strength training can help reduce injury risk while also improving overall performance outcomes. The issue is often not the injury itself, but the gap between what your body can currently tolerate and what your training or sport demands from it. One of the biggest mistakes people make during recovery is returning too fast or too soon. The body adapts gradually and tissues such as muscles, tendons, ligaments and bone require progressive exposure to load in order to become resilient again. 


Progressive Overload

Progressive overload is one of the most evidence-based principles in rehabilitation and strength training. It simply refers to gradually increasing the demands placed on the body over time. This may involve increasing weight, repetitions, running volume or movement complexity.
Another common misunderstanding is thinking rehabilitation is only about mobility work or basic activation exercises. While these can be helpful in the early stages, true rehabilitation should eventually rebuild force production, tissue capacity, power, movement confidence, control under fatigue and tolerance to real-world demands.

One of the most overlooked reasons injuries return is that rehabilitation often stops too early. Many people complete banded exercises, basic mobility and isolated strengthening, but never progress further beyond rebuilding their strength. The body adapts specifically to the loads and movements it experiences. This is where Exercise Physiologist are here to support bridging the gap following a rehabilitation program and returning to your previous capacity pre-injury.


The goal is not simply reducing symptoms temporarily. The goal is building a body that is more resilient and better prepared for future demands.

Recovery also plays a critical role in this process. Progressive overload only works when recovery supports adaptation. Adequate sleep, nutrition, hydration, stress management and appropriate recovery between sessions all influence how well tissues rebuild and adapt. Even the latest resistance training guidelines reinforce the importance of recovery in reducing injury risk and improving long-term outcomes.


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Diagram: RCUK (https://roadcyclinguk.com/)

​References:

Most Common Injuries in Resistance Training: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Interventions, and Preventive Strategies

1. Kawa, O., Zywiec, W., Czyzewski, B., Kozlowski, K., Dorota, A., Dorota, M., Milczarek, C., Koval, I., Mariankowska, A. and Czyzewska, J. (2025). Most Common Injuries in Resistance Training: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Interventions, and Preventive Strategies. Cureus, [online] 17(10), p.e94035. doi:https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.94035.
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By Ashlyn Fielke
Clinical Exercise Physiologist

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What Does an Exercise Physiologist Do (And How Can They Help You?)

24/4/2026

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Exercise Physiology is a relatively new field in the allied health space and there is often misunderstanding on what an exercise physiologist does, how they can help, and how they differ from other professions such as physiotherapists or personal trainers. In this blog I will run through what an exercise physiologist does so you have a better understanding of what we do and the many benefits of our profession.

What is an Exercise Physiologist?

Accredited exercise physiologists are university-qualified allied health professionals who prescribe and deliver exercise-based interventions to optimise health, function, recovery, and independence. 


This helps people participate in activities at home, school, work, and in the community. Exercise physiologists provide services to people across the full health spectrum - whether they are considered healthy, at risk of developing a health condition, or are living with a health condition or disability.  

Exercise physiologists apply evidence-based judgement and clinical reasoning to individuals, groups, and the broader community to:

  • Improve and maintain health status
  • Prevent, treat, and manage complex and chronic conditions  
  • Prescribe and deliver exercise-based interventions to maintain function, enhance quality of life, facilitate recovery, and maximise independence
  • Educate and empower people to improve health outcomes, and self-manage health conditions 

The following photo outlines some key differences between an exercise physiologist, physiotherapist, and personal trainer:

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What to expect when seeing an Exercise Physiologist?

First session
When you first book in to see an exercise physiologist, they will take the time to understand your current situation and background. The first part of your assessment will take place in their office so they can chat to you about your medical history, any previous and current injuries, and exercise history. They will also do some baseline measurements of your strength, mobility,and functional status to get an understanding of your current capacity and work with you to make a tailored plan that best suits your lifestyle.


Safe and effective exercise
Exercises physiologists have vast knowledge around exercise prescription and provide evidence based exercise interventions to best suit each individual’s goals and current capacity. Exercise can be an incredibly helpful intervention for chronic disease and injury when it is the right type and the right level for each individual. Exercise physiologists make sure the exercise they give you is safe, effective, and suitable for you.
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Ongoing management and care
Exercise physiologists not only have extensive knowledge in exercise prescription, but are also trained in behavioural change and management strategies to help you stick to healthy lifestyle changes. Regular reviews and check ups with your exercise physiologist will help with accountability and allow your exercise physiologist to make any changes to your program when needed.

If you are living with a chronic disease or injury, need guidance with exercise, and want the peace of mind that exercise you are doing is safe and effective, book in to see one of our exercise physiologists today!

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​Josh Frkic
Accredited Exercise Physiologist

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Staying Steady in the Garden: Falls Prevention for Backyard Gardeners

17/4/2026

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Why Falls Happen in the Garden
Gardening is one of the most rewarding ways to stay moving. It gets you out of your chair, moves you outdoors, and gives you something to show for your effort. But it also comes with some hidden physical challenges.
Bending, kneeling, reaching, carrying pots, and walking on uneven or wet ground all increase the risk of slips, trips, and falls. All of this especially as we get older. The goal isn’t to stop gardening. It’s to make sure your body can keep up with it.

Gardens aren’t exactly designed with safety in mind. Between hoses, tools, loose soil, and changing surfaces, there’s a lot going on under your feet.
Some common contributors to falls include:
  • Uneven ground, grass, or garden beds
  • Wet or slippery surfaces
  • Frequent bending and twisting
  • Carrying pots or watering cans
  • Reduced balance, strength, and mobility over time

Often it’s not one big factor, but a combination of small things adding up.
Before a fall happens, your body usually gives you a few hints, a few near misses and some chances for growth. These are some of the signs that your strength and balance might need a bit of support:
  • Feeling unsteady when reaching or turning
  • Avoiding kneeling or getting back up from the ground
  • Needing support when standing up
  • Fatiguing quicker during gardening sessions
  • Moving more cautiously than you used to

How Exercise Physiology Can Help
Gardening is full of real-world movements, and that’s exactly how we approach exercise; the prescribed workouts mirror these positions you will find yourself in.

Rather than generic programs, we focus on:
  • Strength for lifting and carrying
  • Balance while moving and reaching
  • Mobility for bending, kneeling, and twisting
  • Endurance to keep you going without fatigue

It’s about making these everyday tasks feel easier, safer, and more confident. It may have the added bonus of helping along a few other activities you enjoy.

Key Exercises for Gardeners
Here are a few simple exercises that you can imagine transfer directly to the garden:
1. Sit-to-Stand (Hands-Free if Possible)
  • Practice standing up and sitting down with control
  • Progress by slowing the movement or adding a light weight
Why it helps: Makes getting up from low positions (like kneeling or squatting) much easier.
​2. Bench Push Ups
  • Use a chair, bench, or railing for support
  • Practice lowering down and coming back up
Why it helps: Builds strength and confidence getting to and from the ground.
​3. Single Leg Balance (Add Reach)
  • Stand on one leg
  • Add reaching forward, sideways, or toward the ground
Why it helps: Improves stability when stepping over hoses or navigating uneven ground.
​4. Farmers Carrys and Suitcase Carrys
  • Hold a watering can, bag of soil, or weights
  • Walk short distances with control
Why it helps: Prepares your body for real gardening tasks.
​5. Spinal Flexion & Spinal Rotation
  • Sit or stand tall
  • Rotate your upper body side to side
Why it helps: Supports safer reaching and reduces strain when working across your body.

Alongside exercise which we can actively aid you in at our practice, we love providing education on other potential considerations and functional improvements you can make otherwise. These are a few practical changes that can make a big difference:
  • Wear supportive, grippy footwear
  • Keep pathways clear of tools and hoses
  • Avoid rushing, especially when carrying items
  • Use raised garden beds where possible
  • Take regular breaks to manage fatigue
  • Work during good, well-lit conditions

Gardening should be something you can enjoy for years to come, not something you feel limited by. If you’ve noticed changes in your balance, strength, and confidence or just want to stay ahead of it; our team can help. With the right support, you can stay strong, steady, and capable in your garden.
This can be with a targeted exercise plan which helps rebuild both your physical ability and your confidence to move freely again. We’ll work with you to build a plan that keeps you active, independent, and doing what you enjoy most.
 
Resources for further reading
Exercise & Sports Science Australia (ESSA) – Exercise Physiology & Falls
  • Read ESSA article on falls prevention - https://www.essa.org.au/web/Web/Resources/Articles/2025/new-falls-prevention-guidelines-recognise-exercise-physiology-as-a-vital-part-of-the-solution.aspx?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Highlights the role of Accredited Exercise Physiologists in reducing falls risk and emphasises individualised, evidence-based exercise programs as a key intervention
Stay On Your Feet Campaign
  • Visit Stay On Your Feet program - https://www.injurymatters.org.au/programs/stay-on-your-feet/
A Western Australian falls prevention initiative focusing on environment safety, education and awareness, & practical prevention strategies

 
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Thomas Harrison
​Accredited Exercise Physiologist
​AEP, AES, ESSAM
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What to Expect when Attending Your First Exercise Physiology Appointment?

9/4/2026

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​Starting something new, especially when it comes to exercise and your health can feel a little overwhelming. At Optimum, we aim for your initial appointment to feel welcoming and the focus is placed on getting to know you, your body and establishing your goals.

Many people feel unsure before their first session. You might be wondering what will happen, whether you’ll know what to do or if you’ll feel comfortable in the space. That’s exactly why we take the time to guide you through every step, answer your questions and make sure you feel supported from the moment you walk in. By the end of your first appointment our goal is for you to leave feeling confident, understood and ready to take the next step in your journey.

This guide will walk you through exactly what to expect at your first Exercise Physiology appointment so you can feel more at ease and confident heading in.

A Walk through of the Process

Your first appointment is all about getting to know you. It’s not about pushing you hard or making you prove anything. It’s about understanding where you’re at and how best to support you.
The session typically begins with a relaxed conversation, followed by a gentle movement assessment and then the beginning of your personalised plan. Everything is guided, explained and done at your pace. There’s no rush, no pressure and no expectations to be “fit enough” before you start.
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Discussion of Your Goals and Concerns
​

A big part of your first session is simply having a conversation. This is your opportunity to share your story, your health history, any injuries or pain, your lifestyle and what has brought you in.

We’ll also talk about your goals. Whether you’re looking to reduce pain, improve strength, return from injury or just feel more confident in your body. Your goals help shape everything we do moving forward. Just as importantly, we’ll address any concerns or fears you might have.
This is a safe, supportive space where you’ll be listened to and understood.
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Assessment of Strength, Movement and Function
​

You may be guided through a few simple movements to assess your strength, mobility, balance and overall function specific to the goals outlined in the initial discussion. This might include basic exercises or everyday movements like sitting, standing or reaching. Everything is done within your comfort level and you’ll be supported every step of the way.
This part of the session helps identify what your body needs so we can tailor your program appropriately.
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How Your Program Is Designed
​

Using everything we’ve learned from our conversation and your assessment, we then begin designing your personalised exercise program.
Your plan is tailored specifically to you. It considers your goals, your current ability and any injuries or conditions you may have. The focus is on creating something that feels achievable, sustainable and aligned with your lifestyle.
You’ll often be guided through a few exercises in your first session, so you leave feeling confident and clear about what to do next. We also take the time to explain why each exercise is included, helping you feel more in control of your progress.
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What the Gym Environment Is Like
​

If you’re feeling nervous about stepping into a gym environment, you’re not alone. Many people expect it to feel intimidating but that’s not what you’ll find here.
The environment is welcoming, calm and supportive. You’ll see people of all ages and abilities, all working at their own pace. There’s no pressure to perform, no comparison and no expectation to “keep up.” The focus is entirely on your health, your progress and helping you feel comfortable in your body. It’s a space where you can build confidence, not feel judged.

Final Thoughts
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By the end of your first appointment most people feel a sense of relief. What once felt unknown and intimidating becomes clear, structured and manageable.
You’ll walk away with a better understanding of your body, a personalised plan and the confidence to move forward.

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​By Ashlyn Fielke
Accredited Exercise Physiologist

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Why Your Running Niggles Keep Coming Back (And What To Do About It)

3/4/2026

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If you’re a runner, you’ve probably experienced it: that annoying ache in your knee, shin, or hip that settles down with a few days off… only to flare up again the moment you build momentum. These recurring “niggles” aren’t random. In most cases, they’re a sign that the underlying load on your body exceeds your current capacity. Running is repetitive by nature — thousands of steps placing stress through the same tissues. If strength, tendon capacity, joint control, or recovery haven’t kept pace with your training volume or intensity, symptoms are likely to return.
Often, runners focus on the site of pain rather than the system as a whole. A sore knee doesn’t always mean a “knee problem.” It may reflect reduced calf strength, limited ankle mobility, poor hip control, or sudden training spikes. Quick fixes like rest, massage, or new shoes can temporarily calm symptoms, but without addressing the root cause, the cycle continues. The key is identifying why the tissue is being overloaded — not just where it hurts.
To break the cycle, it helps to understand the concept of load and capacity.

Load: includes your weekly kilometres, pace, terrain, footwear changes, and even life stress.
Capacity: reflects how well your muscles, tendons, bones, and nervous system can tolerate that load.

When load increases faster than capacity adapts, tissues become irritated. Gradual progression is essential — small, consistent increases in volume or intensity allow tissues time to strengthen and remodel. Sudden spikes, even if you feel “fit,” are a common trigger for flare-ups.

Addressing recurring niggles usually involves three key steps:

(1) temporarily modifying load to settle symptoms
(2) progressively strengthening the specific tissues under strain (often calves, quads, glutes, and hamstrings)
(3) rebuilding running volume in a structured way.

Strength training isn’t just cross-training for runners — it improves tissue tolerance and running economy. When training load and physical capacity rise together, the likelihood of those persistent niggles returning drops significantly.

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If you are interested in improving your running performance, book in with Josh for a running assessment.  
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​Josh Frkic

Exercise Physiologist and Run Coach

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The importance of strength training for runners

18/3/2026

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Whether you’re a recreational runner, training for your first 5 km run, or chasing a marathon PR, strength training can be one of the most powerful and underutilized aspects of a runner’s program.
Many runners believe that lifting weight will have a negative impact on their running ability as they think it will make them “bulky”, slow, or increase fatigue.

The research says otherwise!

When strength training is properly prescribed and programmed, it enhances running economy, reduces the risk of injury, and improves performance across all levels of runners.

Improved Running Economy
Running economy is the energy demand required for any given running speed, representing how efficiently your body uses oxygen to maintain pace. Studies have shown that adding heavy resistance training to your program 2-3 times per week improves your running economy by 2-8% without increasing your body mass.

Strength training improves your neuromuscular efficiency, tendon stiffness, motor unit recruitment, and rate of force development. Stiffer tendons are able to store and release energy more efficiently (similar to a spring) which makes running feel easier and can mean faster race times.

Reduced Injury Risk
Running injuries are often caused by repetitive loading and insufficient capacity of body tissue. Strength training increases muscle strength, tendon resilience, and bone mineral density. Research in endurance athletes shows that structured resistance training reduces overuse injury risk by improving load tolerance.

The key areas of the body to strengthen in runners are the glutes, hamstrings, calves (especially soleus) and core/trunk stabilisers. This is especially important in new runners or those looking to get into running as early improvements in strength can dramatically reduce the likelihood of common running injuries like shin splints, IT band irritation, and patellofemoral pain.

Improves performance
Strength training enhances maximal force production. Maximal force production is a key determinant of running performance because every stride requires the application of force into the ground to generate forward propulsion. When a runner increases their maximal strength, each submaximal stride represents a smaller percentage of their total capacity. This lowers relative effort per step and delays neuromuscular fatigue during sustained efforts.
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How should you incorporate strength training into your routine?
Most runners should aim for 2 strength sessions per week for around 30-45 minutes. Focus on movements such as squats, lunges, deadlifts, calf raises, core stability and hip abduction. Competitive runners may benefit from heavier loading (3–6 rep ranges), while recreational runners can use moderate loads (6–10 reps) focusing on form and consistency.

However, everyone is different and our exercise physiologists can create a tailored program to your specific needs to help you get the most out of your training and achieve your running goals.

If you are interested in improving your running performance, book in with Josh for a running assessment.  


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​Josh Frkic
Exercise Physiologist and Run Coach
References

Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Santos-Concejero, J., & Grivas, G. V. (2016). Effects of strength training on running economy in highly trained runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2361–2368.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001316
Beattie, K., Kenny, I. C., Lyons, M., & Carson, B. P. (2014). The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 845–865.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y
Blagrove, R. C., Howatson, G., & Hayes, P. R. (2018). Effects of strength training on the physiological determinants of middle- and long-distance running performance: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(5), 1117–1149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0835-7
Johnston, R. E., Quinn, T. J., Kertzer, R., & Vroman, N. B. (1997). Strength training in female distance runners: Impact on running economy. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11(4), 224–229.
Lauersen, J. B., Bertelsen, D. M., & Andersen, L. B. (2014). The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(11), 871–877.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538
Paavolainen, L., Häkkinen, K., Hämäläinen, I., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (1999). Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(5), 1527–1533.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1527
Støren, Ø., Helgerud, J., Støa, E. M., & Hoff, J. (2008). Maximal strength training improves running economy in distance runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(6), 1087–1092.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318168da2f
Yamamoto, L. M., Lopez, R. M., Klau, J. F., Casa, D. J., Kraemer, W. J., & Maresh, C. M. (2008). The effects of resistance training on endurance distance running performance among highly trained runners: A systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(6), 2036–2044.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f2f0
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Reps-in-Reserve and the Desired Intensity for Meaningful Strength Change

12/3/2026

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What is “Reps-in-Reserve” or “RIR”?
RIR is an easy way to describe how hard a set feels by estimating how many repetitions you could still do before muscular failure. For example, if you finish a set and feel you had 2 reps left in the tank, that set was performed at 2 RIR. It is a practical, autoregulatory method that coaches and clinicians use instead of only relying on calculating a percentage of or completing the arduous assessment of a 1 Rep Max.

Why RIR matters
RIR helps match training intensity to the individual’s daily readiness, fatigue, and goals. It’s useful because two people lifting the same weight may feel very different. RIR accounts for those differences and helps regulate effort without needing constant retesting. The most recent research suggest RIR scales are feasible and increasingly applied in research and practice, including clinical populations.
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Desired intensity for meaningful change, how your training may look
  • Strength (max force): Train fairly close to failure — typically 0-2 RIR on lifts, with heavier loads and lower reps (e.g. 3–6 reps). This produces the strongest neural and mechanical stimulus for strength gains.
  • Hypertrophy (muscle size): Similar principles to strength training, however a wider range works. Moderate loads and higher total volume across sets increasing total reps up to 20 reps. Leaving 1–3 reps in reserve across sets is practical and reduces unnecessary fatigue while still driving growth.
  • Endurance / Rehab / Frail clients: Principles of muscle strength and hypertrophy continue, however begin at a conservative and tolerance based approach. Leave more in reserve, something like 2-5 RIR, use lighter loads and higher reps; the focus is more on movement quality, safety and progressive overload over time.

These are general targets and it is important to tailor the intensity depending on individual goals, training age, injury status and recovery. ESSA and Australian clinical guidance emphasise tailoring intensity and monitoring signs (eg. pain, excessive fatigue) in rehabilitation and chronic disease populations. 
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Tailoring your training on these principles
  1. Set goal (eg. strength or size or rehab)
  2. Choose load and target reps consistent with the goal.
  3. Judge RIR after each set (honest, brief check). This may change the above ranges ongoing.
  4. Progress by reducing RIR over weeks, meaning the weights may change. Continue to increase volume of training when RIR feels easier.
  5. Again consider your focus; For clinical clients, prioritize movement quality and minimum effective dose; for athletes, periodise RIR across phases with heavier, lower-RIR blocks vs lighter, higher-RIR blocks.

Why exercise physiologists are ideal for this
Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) are trained to prescribe intensity, monitor response, and adjust programs for both clinical and athletic needs. They blend objective measures including things like strength tests and functional tasks with subjective tools like RIR, pain patterns, etc. to safely progress clients with chronic disease, injury, or high-performance goals. Australian position statements highlight the role of exercise professionals in tailoring intensity for health and rehab outcomes and a clinician will always base their practice on these.

Resources similar to this blog for a deeper dive
  • Exercise & Sports Science Australia — Position statement / guidance on exercise intensity and exercise in clinical populations (ESSA documents). Link: https://www.essa.org.au/Web/Web/Resources/Publications/Position-statement-exercise-intensity-terminology.aspx
  • Australian Department of Health and Ageing — Choose Health, Be Active. Link: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2021/03/choose-health-be-active-a-physical-guide-for-older-australians.pdf
  • ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal – Article about progressive overload. Link: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-healthfitness/citation/2022/03000/shareable_resource__ten_ways_to_implement_the.17.aspx#:~:text=A%20modified%20rate%20of%20perceived,rep%20could%20be%20performed%2C%20etc.
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Thomas Harrison

​Accredited Exercise Physiologist
​AEP, AES, ESSAM


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Supervised Strength Training for Adolescents: Guided Strength for Healthy Development

2/1/2026

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Overview

The impacts of strength training for adolescents has gained recognition recently due to the array of health benefits it can provide. Children and adolescents development is complex and multifaceted. In the context of strength specific training, it has been found to be a valuable tool to support the promotion of physical health and motor development within the school aged population. Typically strength training has been met with scepticism and concern due to the belief that it can cause adverse effects to bone growth and overall development. However, research has shown that strength training not only improves bone mineral density and bone composition, but assists to enhance muscular strength and endurance in youth aged children. It has been documented that strength training, when implemented in a safe and effective manner, can offer benefits beyond physical and has shown to extend to emotional and social development. Engaging in structured and goal-oriented physical activity can help children and adolescents develop confidence and a sense of personal achievement. 

Recent research highlights that teenagers who participate in strength training programs may experience:
 
  • Improved physical fitness including strength, speed, agility and cardiovascular capacity
  • Increase academic performance and cognitive functioning by having improved focus, concentration and problem-solving skills
  • Reduced stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. This supports mental health and emotional regulation
  • Increased self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceived personal competence promoting positive social interactions and teamwork

How can an Exercise Physiologist support my child?
Exercise Physiologists play a key role in ensuring that strength training programs are safe, effective and tailored to the developmental needs of the individual. Below is a list of benefits of accessing support from an Exercise Physiologist:
  • We design age-appropriate and progressive strength programs that match the individuals physical abilities and goals
  • Supervise exercise technique to prevent an injury from occurring whilst ensuring proper form
  • Monitor progress and adapt training as the individual grows and develops
  • Integrate exercises that support both physical and cognitive outcomes. This includes challenging to improve coordination, balance and focus
  • Provide educational guidance to parents, teachers and caregivers on safe and engaging ways to incorporate strength training into school or home routines

​Conclusion

Strength training offers far-reaching benefits for children and adolescents that has shown to extend beyond physical development to support emotional, cognitive and social growth. When implemented safely and under the guidance of an Exercise Physiologist, strength training can provide an array of health benefits. Exercise Physiologists play a crucial role in designing and supervising age-appropriate programs to ensure the safety of the young individual and gain the knowledge to help promote lifelong health. Encouraging strength training during adolescence is an investment in a healthier, more confident and capable generation.

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Ashlyn Fielke
Accredited Exercise Physiologist
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Movement made fun: Exercise physiology for kids

21/11/2025

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Introduction:
Physical activity plays a vital role in your child’s physical and mental growth, supporting overall development and building lifelong skills. Seeing your child hesitate during playground play, playing sports or participating in physical education class can be challenging. This is where Exercise Physiologist can assist. 
They offer a structured, evidence-based approach to movement. This helps children improve balance, coordination, and fundamental motor skills. Every child deserves to feel capable and included when they move. With guidance and encouragement they are supported to achieve these goals.

Key Highlights:
  • Exercise Physiologists create personalised activity programs to help children develop gross motor skills.
  • Each program is evidence-based and tailored to your child’s individual needs and health goals.
  • Structured physical activity can enhance a child’s confidence, social interaction, and overall wellbeing.
  • The focus is on encouraging an active, healthy lifestyle through enjoyable and manageable movement.
  • Exercise physiology can be highly beneficial for children experiencing developmental delays.

Why Some Kids Find Movement Hard:
Some children find gross motor skills difficult for reasons including:
  • Developmental delays
  • ​​Low muscle tone
  • Coordination difficulties

How Exercise Physiologists Can Help:
Exercise Physiologists use fun and researched strategies to help children learn new movement skills. Sessions are tailored to your child, keeping activities playful, achievable, and encouraging.

We can support children with:
  • Balance and coordination
  • ​​Running, hopping, skipping, and jumping
  • Catching, throwing, and handling objects
  • ​Core strength, posture, and body control
  • Bike skills
  • ​Accessing the playground and climbing equipment
  • Learning skills needing for sports of the child's choosing

We break skills into small, achievable steps so children can experience success early and feel proud of their progress. Every win helps them stay motivated and resilient.

Where Children Can Be Supported:
Exercise Physiologists can work with children in different settings to suit your family and school:

  • At school — during Physical Education class for support or during therapy session times.
  • At home — for personalised practice in a comfortable environment
  • In the clinic — with structured programs and specialised equipment

This flexibility makes it easy for children to get the support they need wherever they learn and play.

Learning Through Play:
Children learn best when they’re having fun. That’s why we use games, obstacle courses, and imagination-based challenges.
Play doesn’t just improve movement skills as it also helps children develop:
  • Resilience
  • Problem-solving skills
  • Social confidence
  • A sense of achievement

Why It Matters:
When children feel confident in their bodies it impacts their engagement in tasks of their choosing. They join in more, make friends, try new activities, and feel included. 

Every Child Can Move With Confidence
With the right support, children who once hesitated to join in can learn to enjoy movement. Exercise Physiology is a gentle, effective way to help children achieve their gross motor goals.

If your child struggles with movement or you’d like to explore how Exercise Physiology can help them thrive, we’d love to chat. Contact us for more information and to book an initial consultation.

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Ashlyn Fielke
Accredited Exercise Physiologist
AEP, AESS
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